Plural Nouns
Plural Nouns :
Number is that property of substantives which shows whether they indicate one person, place or thing or more than one.
There are two numbers - the singular and the plural.
The singular number denotes but one person, place, or thing. The plural number denotes more than one person, place or thing.
1. Most nouns form the plural number by adding s or es to the singular.
Examples :
mat, mats
wave, waves
problem, problems
bough, boughs
John, Johns
nurse, nurses
tense, tenses
bench, benches
dish, dishes
class, classes
fox, foxes
Special Rules
2. If the singular ends in s, x, z, ch or sh, the plural ending is es.
Examples :
loss, losses
box, boxes
buzz, buzzes
match, matches
rush, rushes
3. Many nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant also take the ending es in the plural.
Examples :
hero, heroes
cargo, cargoes
potato, potatoes
motto, mottoes
buffalo, buffaloes
mosquito, mosquitoes
4. Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form their plural in s.
Examples :
cameo, cameos
folio, folios
5. The following nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant also form their plural in s.
Examples :
banjo
bravo
burro
cantocasino
chromo
contralto
duodecimo
dynamo
halo
junto
lasso
memento
octavo
piano
proviso
quarto
solo
soprano
stiletto
torso
tyro
zero
In some nouns the addition of the plural ending alters the spelling and even the sound of the singular form.
6. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant change y to i and add es in the plural.
Examples :
sky, skies
fly, flies
country, countries
berry, berries
Contrast :
valley, valleys chimney, chimneys monkey, monkeys boy, boys day, days
7. Most proper names ending in y, however, take the plural in s.
Examples :
Mary, Marys
Murphy, Murphys
Daly, Dalys
Rowley, Rowleys
May, Mays
8. Some nouns ending in f or fe change the f to v and add es or s.
Examples :
wharf, wharves
wife, wives
shelf, shelves
wolf, wolves
thief, thieves
knife, knives
half, halves
calf, calves
life, lives
self, selves
sheaf, sheaves
loaf, loaves
leaf, leaves
elf, elves
beef, beeves
9. A few nouns form their plural in en.
ox, oxen
brother, brethren (or brothers)
child, children
Note : Ancient or poetical plurals belonging to this class are: eyne (for eyen, from eye), kine (cows), shoon (shoes), hosen (hose).
10.A few nouns form their plural by a change of vowel.
Examples :
man, men
woman, women
merman, mermen
foot, feet
tooth, teeth
goose, geese
mouse, mice
louse, lice
11. Also compound words ending in man or woman, such as fireman, firemen; saleswoman, saleswomen; Dutchman, Dutchmen.
Note : German, Mussulman, Ottoman, dragoman, firman, and talisman, which are not compounds of man, form their plurals regularly as Germans, Mussulmans. Norman also forms its plural in s.
12. A few nouns have the same form in both singular and plural.
Examples : deer, sheep, heathen, Japanese, Portuguese, Iroquois.
Note : This class was larger in older English than at present. It included, for example, year, which in Shakspere has two plurals - six thousand years, twelve year since.
13. A few nouns have two plurals, but usually with some difference in meaning.
Examples :
Singular…..Plural
brother …..brothers (relatives) and brethren (members of the same society)
horse…..horses (animals) and horse (cavalry)
foot…..feet (parts of the body) and foot (infantry)
sail…..sails (on vessels) and sail (vessels in a fleet)
head…..heads (in usual sense) and head (of cattle)
fish…..fishes (individually) and fish (collectively)
penny…..pennies (single coins) and pence (collectively)
cloth…..cloths (pieces of cloth) and clothes (garments)
die…..dies (for stamping) and dice (for gaming)
The pennies were arranged in neat piles.
English money is reckoned in pounds, shillings and pence.
14. When compound nouns are made plural, the last part usually takes the plural form…less often the first part and rarely both parts.
Examples :
spoonful…..spoonfuls
bathhouse…..bathhouses
forget-me-not…..forget-me-nots
editor-in-chief…..editors-in-chief
maid-of-honor…..maids-of-honor
gentleman usher…..gentlemen ushers
Knight Templar…..Knights Templars
Lord Justice…..Lords Justices
manservant…..menservants
15. Letters of the alphabet, figures, signs used in writing and words regarded merely as words take ’s in the plural.
“Embarrassed" is spelled with two r’s and two s’s.
Your 3’s look like 8’s.
Tell the printer to change the 8’s to 3’s.
Don’t interrupt me with your but’s!
16. Foreign nouns in English sometimes retain their foreign plurals. But many have an English plural also.
Some of the commonest are included in the following list.
Examples :
Singular…..Plural
alumna (feminine) …..alumnæ
alumnus (masculine) …..alumni
amanuensis…..amanuenses
analysis…..analyses
animalculum…..animalcula
antithesis…..antitheses
appendix…..appendices and appendixes
axis…..axes
bacillus…..bacilli
bacterium…..bacteria
bandit…..banditti and bandits
basis…..bases
beau…..beaux and beaus
candelabrum…..candelabra
cumulus…..cumuli
cherub…..cherubim and cherubs
crisis…..crises
curriculum…..curricula
datum…..data
ellipsis…..ellipses
erratum…..errata
formula…..formulæ and formulas
genius…..genii and geniuses
genus…..genera
gymnasium…..gymnasia and gymnasiums
hippopotamus…..hippopotami
hypothesis…..hypotheses
larva…..larvæ
memorandum…..memoranda and memorandums
nebula…..nebulæ
oasis…..oases
parenthesis…..parentheses
phenomenon…..phenomena
radius…..radii
seraph…..seraphim and seraphs
species…..species
stratum…..strata
synopsis…..synopses
tableau…..tableaux
tempo…..tempi
terminus…..termini
thesis…..theses
trousseau…..trousseaux
vertebra…..vertebræ
The two plurals sometimes differ in meaning as
• Michael Angelo and Raphael were geniuses.
• Spirits are sometimes called genii.
• This book has two indices.
• The printer uses signs called indexes.
17. When a proper name with the title Mr., Mrs., Miss or Master is put into the plural, the rules are as follows.
Examples :
1. The plural of Mr. is Messrs. (pronounced Messers). The name remains in the singular. Thus….
Mr. Jackson….plural Messrs. (or the Messrs.) Jackson
2. Mrs. has no plural. The name itself takes the plural form. Thus….
Mrs. Jackson….plural the Mrs. Jacksons
3. In the case of Miss, sometimes the title is put into the plural, sometimes the name. Thus….
Miss Jackson….plural the Misses Jackson or the Miss Jacksons
The latter expression is somewhat informal. Accordingly, it would not be used in a formal invitation or reply or in addressing a letter.
4. The plural of Master is Masters. The name remains in the singular. Thus….
Master Jackson….plural the Masters Jackson.
Other titles usually remain in the singular, the name taking the plural form as the two General Follansbys. But when two or more names follow, the title becomes plural as Generals Rolfe and Johnson.
Some nouns, on account of their meaning, are seldom or never used in the plural.
Such are many names of qualities (as cheerfulness, mirth), of sciences (as chemistry), of forces (as gravitation).
18. Many nouns, commonly used in the singular only, may take a plural in some special sense. Thus….
Examples :
earth (the globe)…..earths (kinds of soil)
ice (frozen water) …..ices (food)
tin (a metal) …..tins (tin dishes or cans)
nickel (a metal) …..nickels (coins)
Some nouns are used in the plural only.
Such are: annals, athletics, billiards, dregs, eaves, entrails, lees, nuptials, oats, obsequies, pincers, proceeds, riches, scissors, shears, suds, tweezers, tongs, trousers, victuals, vitals; and (in certain special senses) ashes, goods, links, scales, spectacles, stocks.
19. A few nouns are plural in form, but singular in meaning.
Examples :
gallows, news, measles, mumps, small pox (for small pocks), politics and some names of sciences (as, civics, economics, ethics, mathematics, physics, optics).
Note : These nouns were formerly plural in sense as well as in form. News, for example, originally meant “new things." Shakespeare uses it both as a singular and as a plural. Thus….“This news was brought to Richard" (King John, v. 3. 12) and “But wherefore do I tell these news to thee?" (1 Henry IV, iii. 2. 121). In a few words modern usage varies. The following nouns are sometimes singular, sometimes plural….alms, amends, bellows, means, pains (in the sense of “effort"), tidings.
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